Open Book Paper essays

Open Book Paper essays Atomic spectroscopy is a chemical analysis technique and it is used to identify what elements are in a compound. It uses the idea of a photon being absorbed or emitted whenever an electron changes from one energy level to another. The diagram below shows sodium salt being sprinkled onto a flame and yellow light being emitted. Emission spectra are produced by thin gases in which the atoms do not experience many collisions (because of the low density). The emission of yellow light occurs because the electrons of the sodium salt have been promoted to a higher electronic energy state but have then fallen back down and emitted the energy as an electromagnetic wave, in the wavelength corresponding to yellow which is 600 nm. The more intense that the yellow band is the more abundant the sodium salt present. The diagram (left) shows an atomic excitation caused by the absorption of a photon and an atomic de-excitation caused by emission of a photon. In each case the wavelength of the emitted or absorbed light is exactly such that the photon carries the energy difference between the two orbits. This energy may be calculated by multiplying the Plank constant by the wavelength of the light. Thus, an atom can absorb or emit only certain discrete wavelengths (or equivalently, frequencies or energies). This diagram shows white light being shone through sodium vapour and the resulting spectra on a board. An absorption spectrum occurs when light passes through a cold, dilute gas and atoms in the gas absorb at characteristic frequencies; since the re-emitted light is unlikely to be emitted in the same direction as the absorbed photon, this gives rise to dark lines (absence of light) in the spectrum. Absorption spectroscopy can only be carried on a substance in solution or gaseous form. The presence of the dark band shows that the sodium vapour had absorbed t ...

Five ways your web writing is annoying your readers - Emphasis

Five ways your web writing is annoying your readers Five ways your web writing is annoying your readers Having a website is a wonderful thing: it allows you to confuse and  frustrate people thousands of miles away without ever having to hear their complaints. This makes it very hard to see what the problems are – and very tempting to pretend that they don’t exist. Your web pages don’t have to be like that. It all comes down to avoiding the five most common web-writing traps. Here’s how. Skip the happy talk Imagine stepping into a lift or elevator and hearing this announcement:  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThank you for entering this building’s lift. We’re pleased you’ve chosen the number one lift provider in this building. To select your desired floor, please use the illuminated buttons.’ Clearly ridiculous – yet a similar thing happens on many web pages:  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThank you for browsing our widgets. We are the market leaders in widgets and are dedicated to producing the best widgets for you. We’ve been making widgets since 1990. To browse our widgets, click on the links below.’ Web usability expert Steve Krug calls this kind of space-filling, meaningless text ‘happy talk’, and recommends a simple test to root it out: read it out loud. If you hear a quiet voice saying in your head ‘blah blah blah’, then it’s happy talk. In this example, the only potentially useful information is ‘To browse our widgets, click on the links below’. But if simple tasks such as browsing your site require instructions, there’s a very good chance that it’s not better phrasing you need, but more intuitive web design. Don’t be afraid of keeping text content to a minimum, if it makes things clearer. An excellent example of this is the Gov.uk site, which won the Design of the Year award in 2013. See the section for drivers as an example. There’s no happy talk or clutter, and all the links are self-explanatory. Answer the golden question Everyone visiting your web pages will have a need. This can range from the highly specific, such as a need to buy a particular product, to a vague need for distraction. You need to work out which of these needs also benefits your organisation, then tailor your website to meet them. This is hard because people can arrive in a bewildering variety of ways. Imagine a large shopping centre with an underground car park, an internal metro station, a bus-stop, a helipad, several pedestrian entrances – and, just for added complication, a few ladders leaning up against windows. Where do you greet the visitors, and how do you establish what they need? Website visitors can come from search engines, social media, reference by a friend, a link from a site, by directly typing the address into their browser after seeing an advert, or just from memory. You have no way of telling where the next one will come from, and no control over which page they see first. This means each page, by itself, needs to answer the golden question of web writing: ‘Am I in the right place?’ Within about five seconds. This is a hard test to pass. Try it for yourself: Get someone who isn’t familiar with your website to look at an important page. Ask them what they think that page is about after a few seconds. There’s a good chance you’ll be surprised by their answer. Go to FiveSecondTest.com (the free version is fine for this) and ask some anonymous people from the internet to do the same thing. If this all sounds too painful, try it on the sites of your competitors or similar organisations. You’ll be surprised at how many of them fail. This can be quite satisfying, but bear in mind that your site probably suffers from some of the same problems. People will tend to stay on your site if they think they’re in the right place – just as you’ll keep searching for what you need in a department store if you think you’re likely to find it. However, you’ll need to make sure they can find it reasonably swiftly, as anyone who’s ever stormed off in an empty-handed huff will attest. Be credible If Google is to be believed, the world is crammed full of ‘world leaders’, hundreds of thousands of them, all leading the world in something or other. A Google search for ‘world leader in the field of’ returns more than five million results. Phrases like this give no information and are not by themselves credible. They only take a few key strokes to type and anyone can claim them – and your readers know it. They will filter it out. This applies most obviously to marketing copy, where a handful of testimonials from satisfied people are worth more than anything, however wondrous, the company claims about itself. But it also applies in a more subtle way to non-marketing claims. For example, if you claim you are ‘always there to help’, then back it up by making your contact details easy to find. Make your headlines work The pressure on headlines is staggering, which makes writing them hard. But it doesn’t have to be, if you follow three rules: They must be informative. They’re the first thing the reader scans, and often the only thing they’ll bother to read, so they need to communicate essentially what the page is about. They need to be concise, to the point and short. And they have to be easy to understand for everyone in your target audience. So think twice before using industry-insider terms that a new customer may not understand. When writing a headline, keep in mind the golden question: ‘Am I in the right place?’ Your headline needs to answer that in as plain a way as possible. Gov.uk does well again here – its section covering areas as diverse as apprenticeships, school applications and university loans is summarised as ‘Education and learning’. It’s short, informative and easy to understand. The body copy (also very short) lets people know the detail. KISS with confidence Keeping it Short and Simple is a fundamental part of all professional writing, and it’s particularly important when you’re writing for the web. On the web, you’re always fighting to hold your audience’s attention (and to keep them away from the back button), so the shorter the sweeter. Also, your visitors will have different levels of English comprehension – some may have lower levels of literacy, including those for whom English is not a first language. Keeping it short and simple will help all the visitors to your site by making it easier to use and understand. This in turn increases trust, and helps your visitors achieve their goals quickly and simply. Bob’s your uncle Apply these five rules to your website, and you’ll soon see your communications becoming leaner, cleaner and more efficient. And while you may not be able to see your website visitors’ blood pressure lowering, you’ll soon start to witness the effects. When they realise they’re able to find what they’re looking for on your website quickly and easily, they’ll trust your organisation to be able to meet their needs with the same efficiency. To find out how to optimise your web writing for search engines, see  A beginner’s guide to keyword research.  For tips on how to keep it short and simple, see Three ways to tame your sentences and the  Power up with the active voice  video.

Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nutrition - Essay Example A closer look at my daily diet showed that I was not consistent in meeting the food requirements that are set in the basic food pyramid guide (health.stateuniversity.com, 2009). My diet varied highly from day to day, with very high-energy intake on day 2, followed by day 1. On day 3, there was a very drastic reduction in my food and energy intake to less than half of what I normally take. This was due to my busy school workload, which made me neglect the preparation of food for that day. The third-day food intake was sufficient to lower my daily average to 2200 cal day-1. However, my food intake was much higher than what I really needed considering my very low level of physical activity. Being relatively young, I still do not have a medical condition that will require an immediate change in diet, however there is a major discrepancy in my diet compared to the set guidelines. The food pyramid sets the minimum and maximum levels of food servings that are required from each of the different food groups namely cereals, vegetables, fruits, meats, dairy and sweets and oils. Servings were calculated based on standard recommendation (Healthy Eating Guide, 2001). The average number of servings was calculated from my diet and is presented in Appendix Table 2, Table 1, and Figure 1. On a weight basis, the meat group contributed the most to the daily energy intake, followed by the cereals group. The least contribution came from the vegetables (Figure 2). This was in agreement with the very large number of servings obtained from meat. Figure 3 presents the percentage of contribution of the different major nutrients to my diet. Carbohydrates make up more than half of my nutrients, while proteins and fats have almost equal contribution to the other half. Analysis of foods and how they affect our metabolism and health should be done by taking an overall picture of the whole. However,

Culture Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture Concept - Essay Example In his exposition of the role of anthropology in the communication and explication of culture, Geertz emphasises the imperatives of cultural relativism. As he quite explicitly states in his Interpretation of Culture, the role of the anthropologist in the communication and exposition of culture is that of the ethnographer whose responsibility is to "first grasp and then render" (p. 10). Engagement in the "thick description" of culture is predicated on the anthropologist's assuming the role of an ethnographer and within the context of that role, to understand the culture's codes and symbols from the inside. The point here is, according to Geertz, that loci of culture are the hearts and minds of its natives and this imposes the imperatives of entering the hearts of minds in order to understand culture and communicate it, not from the anthropologist's subjective point of view but, "from the native's point of view" (Geertz, Local Knowledge, p. 56). Cultural relativism is the optimal approach, not just to the study of cultures but, to their accurate comprehension. Geertz's "thick description" of culture, which translates into understanding culture "from the native's point of view" implies the comprehension of cultures from an internal perspective.

Early Christian Architecture Essay Example for Free

Early Christian Architecture Essay Early Christian Architecture We have spoken of how one style of architecture develops from another, and we are now to look briefly at a form which is chiefly important as being a link in the chain of styles. There are not many important buildings of the Early Christian style. It came into being at a time when not much building was going on that is, during the early centuries of Christianity, and what good examples there are, are nearly all churches. During the first three centuries of the Christian era Christianity was under the ban of persecution, and there was not much chance for it to manifest itself in great architecture. But, early in the fourth century, Constantine became Emperor and was converted to Christianity. He made Christianity the State religion. Constantine founded three large basilicas in Rome, all of which have been buried or destroyed. The chief objects to be thought of in these churches was to build without too much cost, to do it quickly, and to accommodate large congregations. A great structural principle which they used in roofing, or spanning spaces, is the truss. This is a frame of beams, or of beams and rods, so disposed and fastened as to make a continuous support or bridge across an open space. The truss was used by the Romans in roofing their basilicas. CHIEF FEATURES As the great Romanesque style grew out of this early Christian architecture, let us look at the main features of the earlier and simpler style. Some of the most important of these features are preserved also in the Gothic church and we shall wish to see, as we very easily can see, how they grew out of this first early Christian style. The buildings of this style were simple in form, but of noble proportions, and, though very plain without, they were often gorgeous within. A notable circumstance about the early Christian work is the fact that its monuments were built largely from ruins and fragments quarried from earlier Roman work. No doubt much beauty was ruthlessly destroyed in this way. Before the Christian era Cato borrowed from the Greeks their hall of justice; the first one being erected in Rome about 190 years before Christ. These basilicas usually had a large hall connected with a portico, and encircling galleries often enclosed the whole. When Christianity became a State religion these buildings came to be used for religious purposes. The basilica always had a central aisle; and this nave or central portion was usually separated from the side aisles by rows of columns. At the further end of the nave was the sanctuary or apse, in front of which stood the altar. In front of the whole was usually an atrium or fore-court, surrounded by a covered arcade. The exterior was extremely plain, and the interior resplendent with marbles and mosaics. A wooden roof covered the edifice. Figure 29 is the ground plan of a basilica which will show us the general arrangement, although this basilica does not happen to be an old Roman example. Above the columns that surrounded the nave there usually arose another story called the clerestory (clear story), the walls of which were pierced with windows. This is a feature which persists through later styles, and it is interesting to see its simple and plain beginning. Some of the Egyptian temples had clerestories, but the European examples date back only to early Christian architecture.

Neurotheology: Which came first, God or the brain? :: Chemistry Neurotheology Papers

Neurotheology: Which came first, God or the brain? à ¬It feels like a loss of boundaryÃâ€"Ità ­s as if the film of your life broke and you were seeing the light that allowed the film to be projectedÃâ€"à ®: Michael Baime describes the sensations he experiences during Zen meditation. Michael is a subject of the brain imaging study performed by scientists Newburg and Dà ­Aquili to track neural activity during Zen meditation. Newburg and Dà ­Aquili wanted to find out which brain sections were most active during the meditative states achieved by Michael and his fellow subjects. (2). Which regions of the brain are most active during spiritual or mystical experiences? Can an understanding of the neuroscience of spirituality prove the existence of God? It can be difficult to unobtrusively track the neuronal activity of those in intense states of meditation or prayer without jolting them back into everyday perception. However, using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, or SPECT, scientists Newburg and Dà ­Aquili were able to track neuronal activity in skilled meditators without disturbing them. With an intravenous tube in their arm, each meditator focused intently on a single, usually religious image until they achieved their familiar meditative sense of à ¬onenessà ®. When each meditator felt this sense, they tugged on a string to alert the researchers, who then injected a radioactive tracer into the intravenous line. The tracer bound to the brain regions where blood flow was highest. A scanner then made a snapshot showing the regions with the most blood flow, which indicates neuronal activity. (3). Since the meditators were focusing intently, the Prefrontal Cortex, associated with attention, lit up. But more strikingly, the parietal lobes showed very little activity. Part of the cerebrum, the parietal lobes are associated with the orientation of the body in space and processing information about time and space. More specifically, the left superior parietal lobe creates the perception of the physical bodyà ­s boundaries. The right superior parietal lobe creates the perception of the physical space outside of the body. (3). Blocked off from neuronal activity, the parietal lobe cannot create a sensation of boundary between the physical body and the outside world, which may explain the meditatorsà ­ sense of à «onenessà ­ with the Universe. Since the parietal lobes were also unable to perform their usual task of creating our linear perception of time, meditators achieved a sensation of infinity and timelessness.

Justice vs Mercy

Justice is the most fundamental requirement of a properly functioning, civilized society. An unwavering system of cause and effect that apply to all members is exactly what human beings need to ensure peaceful living. As the events and characters of Shakespeare’s King Lear clearly indicate, mercy is extremely important in dealing with problems in society, but justice should be the standard by which people are governed in dealing with crimes, however harsh it may seem.Man needs to fear the consequences of his actions because if there are no undesired repercussions, he will follow his baser desires to no limit. When there is a strict system of justice in place that applies to all members of society, fewer crimes will be committed as a result of public punishments. Also, there is a system of karma that we already see in place. If justice is not served by the law, some form of justice comes around to the perpetrator from a higher power. Therefore, in dealing with crimes in society as a whole, the use of justice should dominate the use of mercy.I believe that human nature is to be content with virtue. However, there is also a part of us that is desirous of evil. It is that lower, deeper part of our desires that gives us pleasure in doing things that we know are harmful to ourselves and those around us. Most people will tell you they follow a certain moral conduct because of the virtue of their character, but only a certain percentage of those people actually speak the truth. The rest, only do so for fear of consequences.This is exactly the reason why people behave well in front of others, while they do many undesirable things when they are alone. If there is no fear of the legal repercussions of one’s actions, the majority of the population will not be able to control that inner monster who is only satiated with evil and destruction. As Albany, the son-in-law of King Lear so eloquently puts it: â€Å"If that the heavens do not their visible spirits | Send quickly down to tame these vile offences, | It will come,| Humanity must perforce prey on itself, |Like monsters of the deep. (IV, ii, 46-49). He is saying that if some form of justice is not dished out, the world would turn into a wild and savage place. Therefore, a system of justice that allots punishments that are equal in degree to the crimes committed is needed to keep people in check. Also, the system of justice that we just spoke about should be unwavering for each and every individual in society, no matter the rank or position of that person. King Lear himself says, â€Å"†¦Through tattered clothes small vices do appear; /Robes and furred gowns hide all.Plate sin with gold, /And the strong lance of justice hurtless breaks; / Arm it in rags, a pygmy’s straw does pierce it† (IV, vi, 167-169) Here, he is complaining of the sad state that the justice system is in. There is a huge amount of unfairness that happens when judging the rich and the poor for the same offence. Poor people suffer a lot more for their petty crimes, while the rich can get away with the worst things by paying off the right people. What King Lear concluded hundreds of years ago, is still the sad state of our society today.The justice system is so corrupt that people in higher positions of power that are tried and proven guilty of horrendous crimes sometimes get the same amount of prison time as a small scaled armed robbery. An example of this is when pictures leaked of physical and emotional torture and sadistic killings conducted by a certain general and the 6 other people on his team in a prison in Iraq. A lot of the people that were there were taken from the streets and happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time and had no knowledge of the terrorist forces.These people were detained and every time they were to be ‘questioned’, they would be taken to a room, stripped naked, beaten, put into stress positions and have a number of other thin gs done to them that are too gruesome to speak of. These American soldiers took pictures of all the things that went on. These pictures were ultimately how they got caught. Even with all that proof, the largest sentence that was given out was for 10 years to the general and sentences ranging from 6 months to a couple of years to the 6 other members that were involved.This is how unfair the justice system is in North America. If a society was to be created where all members are actually treated the same, there would be less crime in that society as a whole as everyone would know they cannot get away with anything. Lastly, justice is such that what goes around, comes around. I believe in karma as it is often apparent in life. Sometimes, the return is not of equal degree to the action, but in the end, you reap what you sow.This is what Albany means when he says, â€Å"This shows you are above,/ You justicers, that these our nether crimes/ So speedily can venge†. (IV, ii, (78-80) He is expressing his gratitude to the Gods for the death of Cornwall for his horrible crimes. I am also of the opinion that God will even out the forces of evil when He sees fit. Therefore, we should establish the ideal system of justice and stick with it in the correct manner. If crimes are committed by us, we should accept the punishment agreed on by the society or a stronger and worst punishment may come our way from someone else.In conclusion, to ensure a society in which crime is curbed as much as possible, a proper, strict justice system needs to be established that is equal in its dealings with all classes of people. This is the only way to ensure the control of human desire as there is no telling what a person might do to harm themselves and others without rules to govern them. References: 1)Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Toronto: Signet Classic Shakespeare, 1998. 2)Ghosts of Abu Ghraib. dir. Rory Kennedy, 2007.

Crap on a stick

Modern adaptations of Oliver Twist' have highly lacked In detail and In context making Charles Dickens' original novel a better text. Big film Industries have tried to make their Oliver Twist movies as interesting as they possibly could to entertain a wide variety of audiences, many agree that these ‘remakes' are entertaining but it is Dickens who displays characterization, setting and plot in a far more in-depth way to ensure that his work remains the best.Overall, modern remakes of Oliver Twist fail to capture the audience's attention as much as Charles Dickens' classic did. Argument 1 – Characterization Dickens and Glycerol both portray Oliver Twist as a young and feeble pauper, but It is Dickens' expert use of Victorian aged language and vocabulary that takes the reader to a whole new universe when imaging Oliver or any other character.Geodesic represents Oliver precisely how it is written in the book, yet Goodlier describes him in a way that can be easily interprete d by young audiences, her way of depicting Oliver can be understood by younger viewers but Dickens' original description of Oliver overruns any other film reinvention portrayal. This can be clearly seen when; the actor of Oliver Twist (TV series, 2007) Is flirts Introduced, originally In the manuscript Oliver is described as a â€Å"young, pale and thin individual† (Dickens.C ‘Oliver Twist', pig 5) but Geodesy's representation of Oliver portrays him as a young child who does not seem physically ill and is actually seen quite healthy even though it is clearly written in the book that he was a thin child. The characterization of a character In a film should be the same as the one given in the text, Glycerol's TV rise falls to execute how Oliver Is depicted In the novel and shows a boy who does not look like he is suffering from malnutrition but in fact shown a child who is rather healthy.Therefore, Dickens' way to describe Oliver provides highly more descriptive features than Coeditor's TV series. Argument 2- Setting The setting within Coeditor's 2007 Oliver Twist TV series shows the Victorian times to be quite luminous and glary, but in fact Dickens' novel specifies that the weather was dark and blustery. In the Victorian Era, it was very rare to have a sunlit day, most molly; the weather In London was very wet and foggy, Glycerol's TV series has shown us that the conditions in the Victorian period were ‘sunny with a chance of a light shower'.Evidence of this can be clearly seen when Dickens wrote â€Å"the weather is rarely kind to the slums of London. † (Dickens C. ‘Oliver Twist' Chapter the Eighth pig. 68) Goodlier could have effortlessly used this information to make her TV series realistic in context and In setting. Dickens text has a realistic setting and makes It unsuccessfully as she has made the lighting and weather more suitable for camera thou considering how it is written and described in the novel. Clearly, Goodlier should have referred back to Dickens' ‘Oliver Twist' when directing the setting for her TV series.Argument 3 – Plot/Storyline Dickens' adept knowledge of descriptive language and vocabulary make his text exceedingly detailed and allow the reader to use their imagination when exploring though the non-fictional world of ‘Oliver Twist'. Dickens extensive use of detail within ‘Oliver Twist' makes the plot clearer to understand so the reader finds less trouble to empowered with the book, Geodesic attempts to apply this to her TV series but instead of using detail within the storyline she makes the whole series succinct so the viewer only gets a faint picture and not the whole overview like Dickens' classic does.One incident of this occurs when, Dickens wrote â€Å"five pounds to anyone who takes this boy from our hands said Mr. Bumble†, (Dickens C. Chapter the fourth pig. 30) this clearly states that Mr. bumble was going to pay someone five pounds, yet, in Coeditor's TV series Mr. bumble is shown charging Mr. Sugarberry money for the poor ay.This evidence is a clear example that Goodlier applies little knowledge about the book into her show, not knowing this crucial information can leave the audience with the understanding that Mr. Bumble charged Mr. Sugarberry when he should have given him the five pounds. Therefore, Goodlier has enforced little detail within her storyline which could in some instance confuse viewers. Conclusion Overall, an examination of the characters, setting and plot indicate that Dickens' original novel supersedes any other film remakes and adaptations.It is obvious that Dickens' effective way to show language, his knowledge of characterization and his capability create a world that explores the history of the Victorian Era in such a way that draws the reader to want to know more about those times and as well as the great story of ‘Oliver Twist'. Even Coeditor's succinct TV series could not match the powe r of Dickens' in depth understanding of the Victorian period. It is evident that, Dickens' authentic masterpiece ‘Oliver Twist' overrules any other contemporary film reinventions and alterations.

Free Essays on Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey, was born in Jamaica in 1887 and is considered to be the father of the Black Nationalism Movement. During the early 1900’s, after reading Booker T. Washington’s Up From Slavery, Garvey pledged to organize Blacks throughout the world with an agenda of Black unity and pride. Moreover, Garvey achieved his greatest influence in the Untied States where there was a growing ambition among Blacks for justice, wealth, and a sense of community. From the time of World War I, up until the mid-1920’s, Gravey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association(UNIA) was the largest Black organization in African-American history. An estimated million men and women from the United States, the Caribbean, and Africa belonged to it. When Garvey arrived in the United States in March 1916, the Black populace was about to suffer a severe blow that would make them ideal candidates for Gravey’s movement. During the Reconstruction period that followed the American Civil War, many African-Americans lost faith in the American political process. They were promised many reforms and reparations that were never realized. However, World War 1 bought a new sense of prosperity to blacks because they felt they had a second chance to prove themselves as well as attain their piece of the proverbial American pie. Implementing Alger’s philosophy which states â€Å"...heroes prove themselves through inspired acts of heroism and devotion,† many blacks believed if they fought in World War I, it would deliver them their second emancipation1 . Nonetheless, after entering the war, African-Americans were subjected to segregation, indignities in training camps, and assigned to labor battalions far out of proportion to their skills and intelligence2 . In addition, black soldiers were told that when they return home they should not expect the same privileges they enjoyed aboard. When the war ended in 1919, the African-American community was outraged. Their soldiers were... Free Essays on Marcus Garvey Free Essays on Marcus Garvey Marcus Garvey, was born in Jamaica in 1887 and is considered to be the father of the Black Nationalism Movement. During the early 1900’s, after reading Booker T. Washington’s Up From Slavery, Garvey pledged to organize Blacks throughout the world with an agenda of Black unity and pride. Moreover, Garvey achieved his greatest influence in the Untied States where there was a growing ambition among Blacks for justice, wealth, and a sense of community. From the time of World War I, up until the mid-1920’s, Gravey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association(UNIA) was the largest Black organization in African-American history. An estimated million men and women from the United States, the Caribbean, and Africa belonged to it. When Garvey arrived in the United States in March 1916, the Black populace was about to suffer a severe blow that would make them ideal candidates for Gravey’s movement. During the Reconstruction period that followed the American Civil War, many African-Americans lost faith in the American political process. They were promised many reforms and reparations that were never realized. However, World War 1 bought a new sense of prosperity to blacks because they felt they had a second chance to prove themselves as well as attain their piece of the proverbial American pie. Implementing Alger’s philosophy which states â€Å"...heroes prove themselves through inspired acts of heroism and devotion,† many blacks believed if they fought in World War I, it would deliver them their second emancipation1 . Nonetheless, after entering the war, African-Americans were subjected to segregation, indignities in training camps, and assigned to labor battalions far out of proportion to their skills and intelligence2 . In addition, black soldiers were told that when they return home they should not expect the same privileges they enjoyed aboard. When the war ended in 1919, the African-American community was outraged. Their soldiers were... Free Essays on Marcus Garvey Marcus Garvey was born on august 17, 1887 in St. Ann’s bay, Jamaica. He attended school but because of his family situation of poverty he had to quit school and get a job as an apprentice in his god fathers print shop. It was at the print shop where he became aspired to become a Forman at the print shop, and after the earthquake in 1907 he went on strike with the workers for better pay even though he did not have to. As a result Marcus was fired and then picked up by the Jamaican government to be a printer. During this time their was a lot of problems in the country because most of the people could not vote and there was a large out cry for the right to vote and the only people who were able to vote were rich land owners. The people were mad at the british control of the country and wanted Jamaica to be and independent country. Because of this many Jamaicans went abroad to work for better money, and marcus decided to travel around the Caribbean. Garvey returned to Jamaica in 1 912, and left shortly after to visit his sister in London and also to further studies and become well-educated so that he could attend a university. While in London Garvey meet up with pan African movement leaders and other black freedom leaders. The leaders taught him about the rich history of the race. Although Marcus was born in Jamaica, he achieved his greatest success in the United States. As a young man, Marcus, political protest, advocating loyalty to the established colonial government. Garvey established the first American branch of the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) in 1917 in the midst of the mass migration of blacks from the Caribbean to cities of the North. It was also a time for political awakening in the Africa and the Caribbean, to which marcus encouraged the export of his movement. In the era of global black awakening following World War I, Garvey became the best known, the most controversial, and for many the most attractive of... Free Essays on Marcus Garvey In 1914 Marcus Mosiah Garvey started the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in Jamaica. UNIA was started to help promote blacks in everyone’s eyes so that they wouldn’t have to be â€Å"at the mercy of white people.† (Kanet.org 7) Garvey wanted blacks to set up their own nation. In 1916, he moved the UNIA headquarters to Harlem, New York. Marcus Garvey was one of the most influential leaders of his time because he started the Universal Negro Improvement Association, advocated black unity, preached self-reliance, and was the black peoples’ spokesman. Marcus Garvey started UNIA because he wanted blacks to have pride in themselves and to be treated fairly. UNIA’s aim was shown through its motto: â€Å"One God! One aim! One destiny!† (Kasnet.org 9) The motto basically meant that all the blacks were aiming at one goal and they were destined to get it. Weekly meetings and night classes were held by UNIA to help blacks that had no high school education. Garvey also tried prompting educated blacks to volunteer their time to teach others. Not many helped because they didn’t want to be labeled as â€Å"Negro.† (Kasnet.org 6) Many weren’t proud of who they were because of how society treated them. As a result, they tried to escape the discrimination by ignoring who they were and where they came from. The main part of Garvey’s plan was to focus on self-reliance. Garvey didn’t want blacks to depend on whites; he wanted blacks to set up their own nation in Africa. Garvey developed a plan called the Liberia Plan. This plan was negotiated between UNIA and the government of Liberia to buy land and settle people from all around the U.S. The Liberian government first agreed, but before the settlers arrived they changed their minds. This sudden change was mainly done because the Liberian government became aware of the uproar that Garvey was causing in the U.S. with his preachings. In 1920, UNIA held its First International Co...

The History of Human Interactions with Caribou

The History of Human Interactions with Caribou Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, and known as caribou in North America), were among the last animals domesticated by humans, and some scholars argue that they still arent fully tame. There are currently about 2.5 million domesticated reindeer located in nine countries, and about 100,000 people occupied in tending them. That accounts for about half the total population of reindeer in the world. Social differences between reindeer populations show that domestic reindeer have an earlier breeding season, are smaller and have a less-strong urge to migrate than their wild relatives. While there are multiple subspecies (such as R. t. tarandus and R. t. fennicus), those subcategories include both domestic and wild animals. That is likely the result of continued interbreeding between domesticated and wild animals, and support of scholars contentions that domestication took place relatively recently. Reindeer Key Takeaways Reindeer were first domesticated in eastern Russia between 3000–1000 years agoThere are about 5 million reindeer on our planet, about half are domesticated todayArchaeological evidence shows reindeer were first hunted by humans during the Upper Paleolithic of about 45,000 years agoThe same species are called caribou in North America Why Domesticate a Reindeer? Ethnographic evidence from pastoral peoples of the Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic (such as the Sayan, Nenets, Sami, and Tungus) exploited (and still do) the reindeer for meat, milk, riding, and pack transport. Reindeer saddles used by ethnic Sayan appear to be derived from horse saddles of the Mongolian steppes; those used by Tungus are derived from Turkic cultures on the Altai steppe. Sledges or sleds drawn by draft animals, also have attributes that appear to be adapted from those used with  cattle or horses. These contacts are estimated to have occurred no longer ago than about 1000 BCE. Evidence for the use of sledges has been identified as long ago 8,000 years ago during the Mesolithic in the Baltic Sea basin of northern Europe, but they were not used with reindeer until much later. Studies on reindeer mtDNA completed by Norwegian scholar Knut Rà ¸ed and colleagues identified at least two separate and apparently independent reindeer domestication events, in eastern Russia and Fenno-Scandia (Norway, Sweden, and Finland). Substantial interbreeding of wild and domestic animals in the past obscures DNA differentiation, but even so, the data continue to support at least two or three independent domestication events, probably within the past two or three thousand years. The earliest event was in eastern Russia; evidence for domestication in Fenno-Scandia suggests that domestication may not have occurred there until as late as the Medieval period. Reindeer / Human History Reindeer live in cold climates, and they feed mostly on grass and lichen. During the fall season, their bodies are fat and strong, and their fur is quite thick. The prime time for hunting reindeer, then, would be in the fall, when hunters could collect the best meat, strongest bones and sinews, and thickest fur, to help their families survive the long winters. Archaeological evidence of ancient human predation on reindeer includes amulets, rock art and effigies, reindeer bone and antler, and the remains of mass hunting structures. Reindeer bone and antler and artifacts made from them have been recovered from the French Upper Paleolithic sites of Combe Grenal and Vergisson, suggesting that reindeer were hunted at least as long ago as 45,000 years. Mass Reindeer Hunting Rock art of Alta (UNESCO World Heritage Site), petroglyphs in the Alta Fjord, Norway.   Ã‚  Manuel ROMARIS / Moment / Getty Images Two large mass hunting facilities, similar in design to desert kites, have been recorded in the Varanger peninsula of far northern Norway. These consist of a circular enclosure or pit with a pair of rock lines leading outward in a V–shape arrangement. Hunters would drive the animals into the wide end of the V and then down into the corral, where the reindeer would be slaughtered en masse or kept for a period of time. Rock art panels in the Alta fjord of northern Norway depict such corrals with reindeer and hunters, substantiating the interpretation of the Varanger kites as hunting corrals. Pitfall systems are believed by scholars to have been used beginning in the late Mesolithic (ca. 5000 BCE), and the Alta fjord rock art depictions date to approximately the same time, ~4700–4200 cal  BCE. Evidence for mass kills involving driving reindeer into a lake along two parallel fences built of stone cairns and poles has been found at four sites in southern Norway, used during the second half of the 13th century CE; and mass kills conducted this way are recorded in European history as late as the 17th century. Reindeer Domestication Scholars believe, for the most part, that it is unlikely that humans successfully controlled much of reindeer behavior or affected any morphological changes in reindeer until about 3000 years ago or so. It is unlikely, rather than certain, for a number of reasons, not the least because there is no archaeological site which shows evidence for the domestication of reindeer, at least as yet. If they exist, the sites would be located in the Eurasian Arctic, and there has been little excavation there to date. Genetic changes measured in Finnmark, Norway, were recently documented for 14 reindeer samples, consisting of faunal assemblages from archaeological sites dated between 3400 BCE to 1800 CE. A distinct haplotype shift was identified in the late medieval period, ca. 1500–1800 CE, which is interpreted as evidence of a shift to reindeer pastoralism. Why Werent Reindeer Domesticated Earlier? Why reindeer were domesticated so late is speculation, but some scholars believe that it may relate to the docile nature of reindeer. As wild adults, reindeer are willing to be milked and stay close to human settlements, but at the same time they are also extremely independent, and dont need to be fed or housed by humans. Although some scholars have argued that reindeer were kept as domestic herds by hunter-gatherers beginning the late Pleistocene, a recent study of reindeer bones dated from 130,000 to 10,000 years ago showed no morphological changes in reindeer skeletal material at all over that period. Further, reindeer are still not found outside their native habitats; both of these would be physical marks of domestication. In 2014,  Swedish biologists Anna Skarin and Birgitta Ã…hman reported a study from the reindeers perspective and conclude that human structures- fences and houses and the like- block the reindeers ability to range freely. Simply put, humans make reindeer nervous: and that may very well be why the human–reindeer domestication process is a difficult one. Recent Smi Research Indigenous Smi people began reindeer husbandry by the Medieval period, when the reindeer were used as a food source, but also for traction and carrying loads. They have been interested and actively involved in several recent research projects. Evidence for physical changes in reindeer bones caused by humans using them for load-pulling, carrying and riding has been investigated recently by archaeologists Anna-Kaisa Salmi and Sirpa Niinimki. They examined skeletons of four reindeer reported to have been used for traction, and while they did identify some evidence of patterned skeletal wear and tear, it was not consistent enough to be clear evidence without additional support for the reindeers use as a draft animal.   Norwegian biologist Knut Rà ¸ed and colleagues investigated DNA from 193 reindeer samples from Norway, dated between 1000 and 1700 CE. They identified an influx of new haplotypes in reindeer who died in the 16th and 17th centuries. Rà ¸ed and colleagues believe that likely represents trade in reindeer, as the annual winter Smi trading markets including traders from the south and east into Russia were instituted by then.   Sources Anderson, David G., et al. Landscape Agency and Evenki-Iakut Reindeer Husbandry Along the . Human Ecology 42.2 (2014): 249–66. Print.Zhuia River, Eastern SiberiaBosinski, Gerhard. Remarks on the Grave above Burial 2 at the Sungir Site (Russia). Anthropologie 53.1–2 (2015): 215–19. Print.Ingold, Tim. From the Masters Point of View: Hunting . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21.1 (2015): 24–27. Print. IsSacrificeOShea, John, et al. A 9,000-Year-Old Caribou Hunting Structure beneath Lake Huron. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.19 (2014): 6911–1015. Print.Rautio, Anna-Maria, Torbjà ¶rn Josefsson, and Lars Ãâ€"stlund. Sami Resource Utilization and Site Selection: Historical Harvesting of Inner Bark in Northern Sweden. Human Ecology 42.1 (2014): 137–46. Print.Rà ¸ed, Knut H., Ivar Bjà ¸rklund, and Bjà ¸rnar J. Olsen. From Wild to Domestic Reindeer – Genetic Evidence of a Non-Native Origin of Reindeer Pas toralism in Northern Fennoscandia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19 (2018): 279–86. Print. Salmi, Anna-Kaisa, and Sirpa Niinimki. Entheseal Changes and Pathological Lesions in Draught Reindeer Skeletons–Four Case Studies from Present-Day Siberia. International Journal of Paleopathology 14 (2016): 91–99. Print.Skarin, Anna, and Birgitta Ã…hman. Do Human Activity and Infrastructure Disturb Domesticated Reindeer? The Need for the Reindeer’s Perspective. Polar Biology 37.7 (2014): 1041–54. Print.Willerslev, Rane, Piers Vitebsky, and Anatoly Alekseyev. Sacrifice as the Ideal Hunt: A Cosmological Explanation for the Origin of Reindeer Domestication. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21.1 (2015): 1–23. Print.

Baroque and Classical and the modern song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Baroque and Classical and the modern song - Essay Example â€Å"Black Star shows off the many facets of Yngwie’s singular style† (Walster 95). Yngwie writes following the musical theory’s rules and the Baroque counterpoint. A very good example of his style of writing is the song â€Å"Black Star† from his debut LP Rising Force, that reflected many examples of Baroque and classical writing. â€Å"Black Star† has a form that adjusts into the A B A C A B A, though the ending of the song is improvised in that the song does not get back to A after the second B section. Instead, the song reaches the end with the improvisation of C section. Numerous facets of Yngwie’s guitar playing reflect in the song â€Å"Black Star†. The song starts with a prelude that, in a way, is suggestive of Bouree of Bach in the E minor. The harmony becomes reminiscent of the standard chamber music when it comes in with guitars, though the fact that the song is played with the electric guitars brings in the difference. At the end of the passage, there is an exposition which employs the use of volume swelling along with an echo effect and volume knob that releases the sound like spiccato that is a technique of classical violin. The theme melody of the song â€Å"Black Star† is based upon a mode of E harmonic. The song proceeds toward the B key that is the dominant, and provides an example of yet another gesture of the Baroque-classical harmonic used by Yngwie. Yngwie plays the piece quite symmetrically that makes him mimic the classical violin. In addition to that, Yngwie played bass line in â€Å"Black Star†.